All About Peripheral Angiography

Peripheral Angiography is a non-invasive vital diagnostic procedure in the cardiovascular world. Also known as a Peripheral Angiogram, this procedure helps evaluate blood flow in the arteries. The primary focus of this test is the blood supply in the legs and arms. 

This test is essential for identifying blockages, narrowing, or other abnormalities in blood vessels that could lead to severe conditions such as peripheral artery disease (PAD).

Understanding this procedure can help patients make informed decisions about their health. This comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about peripheral angiography, including its purpose, procedure, risks, preparation, aftercare, and the significance of this critical diagnostic tool.

What is Peripheral Angiography?

Peripheral Angiography or Peripheral Angio is a specialised imaging test that utilises X-ray technology to visualise the blood vessels outside the heart and brain. It is a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting blockages or narrowing in arteries, particularly for patients suspected of having peripheral artery disease (PAD). In simple words, it is like a Peripheral Artery Disease test. This non-invasive test can significantly impact patient care by allowing for early detection and intervention. 

During the procedure, a contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream. This dye makes the arteries visible in the X-ray images with the help of medical practitioners to diagnose issues with blood flow and can even identify vascular conditions.

In cases of PAD, where blood supply to the extremities is compromised, timely detection through Angiography can prevent serious complications. It is basically a Peripheral Artery Disease test. 

Understanding Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

PAD is a circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries result in the reduction of blood flow to the limbs, most commonly affecting the legs. Symptoms often include leg pain when walking (claudication), numbness, weakness, or sores that do not heal. As PAD progresses, the risk of severe complications, including heart attack, stroke, and limb loss, increases.

As such, peripheral Angiography plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of PAD. By clearly visualising the affected blood vessels, healthcare providers can assess the extent of the disease. They can provide the appropriate treatment options for their patients. 

Peripheral Angiography Procedure

Peripheral Angiography is minimally invasive and performed in a specialised catheterisation lab. Here’s a detailed step-by-step outline of what patients can expect during the procedure:

Preparing for Peripheral Angiography

There are a few things that might occur before the procedure. Patients will typically undergo a pre-procedure consultation with their healthcare provider. A consultation generally includes:

• Medical History Review: Doctors review the patient’s medical history, including any allergies or medications.
• Physical Examination: A brief physical examination may be conducted to assess overall health and to confirm the need for the procedure.

There are three main steps to follow before and after surgery. These include:

• Fasting: Patients are often asked to refrain from eating or drinking for several hours prior to the test. This fasting ensures that the stomach is empty during the procedure, which may reduce the risk of complications if sedation is used.
• Medication Review: Patients should inform their doctor of any medications they are currently taking, particularly anticoagulants (blood thinners). It may be necessary to temporarily discontinue these medications prior to the procedure.
• Transportation Arrangements: As mild sedation is often used during peripheral angiography, arranging for someone to drive the patient home afterwards is advisable.

The Angiogram Steps

There are four steps for angiogram procedure. These include:

Catheter Insertion

The procedure begins with the patient lying on a comfortable table in the catheterisation lab. A small area of skin near the groin or wrist is shaved and cleaned. With the help of local anaesthesia, the area is numbed, following which a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into the blood vessel.

Contrast Injection

A special contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream through the inserted catheter. This dye illuminates the blood vessels, making them clearly visible on X-ray images. Patients may feel a warm sensation or slight pressure during this injection. But there is nothing to fret about. It is a normal part of the process.

Imaging

Using a fluoroscope (a type of real-time X-ray), a series of images, referred to as angiograms, are taken to observe blood flow through the arteries. This imaging allows the physician to identify any blockages, narrowing, or other abnormalities that may be present.

Completion

Once the imaging is complete, the catheter is removed, and pressure is applied to the insertion site to prevent bleeding. The test procedure generally lasts about 30 minutes to an hour.

Why is a Peripheral Angiography Done?

Meanwhile, peripheral artery angiography is primarily conducted to diagnose and assess the condition of peripheral artery disease (PAD); however, there are several common reasons for undergoing this necessary procedure:

• Evaluate Symptoms: It provides insight into patients experiencing leg pain, especially during physical activity (claudication), non-healing wounds, or limb numbness. This diagnostic procedure can reveal whether these issues stem from vascular problems.
• Detect Blockages: The test is vital for identifying obstructions in peripheral arteries that may be impacting blood flow, leading to symptoms of PAD or other vascular conditions.
• Pre and Post-Operative Assessment: Peripheral Angiography allows physicians to assess blood flow before and after vascular surgical procedures (e.g., bypass surgery or angioplasty). This information helps doctors understand the procedural success and evaluate the need for additional intervention.

By enabling early intervention, peripheral angiography is a vital element in the effective management of patients at risk of serious complications such as tissue damage, limb ischemia (lack of blood flow), or amputation.

What are the Risks of the Peripheral Angiogram Procedure?

Although peripheral angiography is generally considered a safe procedure, it does carry some associated risks.

• Allergic Reactions: Some patients may incur allergies to the contrast dye used during the procedure. The symptoms of these allergic reactions may range from mild rash to severe. A thorough medical examination before the test can eliminate such cases.
• Infection: There is a small risk of infection at the catheter insertion site.
• Bruising: Minor bruising at the catheter insertion site is common. However, in rare cases, excessive bleeding may occur.
• Kidney Issues: The contrast dye can potentially impact kidney function, particularly in patients with pre-existing issues. Monitoring kidney function before and after the procedure is also essential.
• Other Risks: Other rare complications may include blood clots, arterial injury, or adverse reactions to sedation.

After Your Peripheral Angiography

After the procedure, patients will typically be monitored for a few hours to ensure stability and recovery. Here are some important post-procedure care steps:

• Rest: Many times, patients are advised to avoid extreme physical activities for 24 to 48 hours following the angiogram to allow the insertion site to heal properly and to reduce the risk of bleeding.
• Hydration: Drink enough water as it helps flush the contrast dye out of their system. Water promotes kidney function and aids speedy recovery.
• Monitor the Insertion Site: Keep an eye on the catheter insertion site for signs of infection, excessive bleeding, or swelling. Any concerns should be promptly communicated to a healthcare provider.
• Follow-Up Appointments: Always go for follow-up appointments. Healthcare providers discuss the results of the angiogram, and according to the results, they may recommend treatment or lifestyle changes.

A Healthy Heart with Atrius Cardiac Care

At Atrius Cardiac Care, we are dedicated to providing comprehensive heart and vascular care. Our professionals are equipped with the knowledge and expertise to help you manage conditions like peripheral artery disease with efficient care.

If you’re experiencing symptoms related to peripheral artery disease or have concerns about your heart health, don’t hesitate to contact Atrius Cardiac Care today. Let us help you take control of your health and well-being. Book your appointment now!